Biomarkers of cardiogenic shock: classic cornerstone and innovative frontier

Abstract

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is one of the most fatal syndromes among cardiovascular critical conditions. With the advancement of biomarker research, the combination of traditional and emerging biomarkers has significantly improved the early diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring of CS. This article provides a systematic review of biomarkers that hold significant value in current clinical practice and explores their pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical application prospects.