Imagining Gender Equality: Perspectives on Equality from a Feminist Viewpoint

Abstract
The perspective on equality from a feminist viewpoint is proposed based on revealing the unequal patriarchal social structure. It explains the inequality of the patriarchal system from two aspects: temporal inequality and structural inequality. Based on this, the feminist perspective on equality deepens the understanding of the dynamics between the sexes in the process of transitioning from a formal view of equality to a substantive view of equality. However, when faced with internal divisions within feminism and the impact of external environments, the existing feminist perspective on equality reveals shortcomings such as being overly abstract, lacking representativeness, and not being inclusive. By constructing a model of four types of gender relations, this approach analyzes and critiques the existing feminist perspective on equality while expanding its modes of expression and value connotations, further elevating it to an inclusive, open, free, dynamic, and unique collection of equality values.
Keywords
Sex and Gender, Formal Equality, Substantive Equality, Feminism
References
- Rousseau, J.J. (2019). A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind. Translated by Pingou Li. Beijing: Commercial Press.
- Hobbes, T. (2019). Leviathan. Translated by Sifu Li & Yanbi Li. Beijing: Commercial Press.
- Locke, J. (1988). Two Treatises of Government. Edited and noted by Laslett, P. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rousseau, J.J. (2018). The Social Contract. Translated by Pingou Li. Beijing: Commercial Press.
- Beavoir, Simone De. (2010). Le deuxième sexe. Translated by Constance Borde & Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Mill, J.S. (1878). The Subjection of Women. London: Longman.
- Rousseau, J.J. (2019). Emile (Volume II). Translated by Pingou Li. Beijing: Commercial Press.
- Bachofen. (2018). Das Mutterrecht. Translated by Zi Zi. Beijing: Life, Reading, and New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore.
- Wollstonecraft, M. (2019). A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. Translated by Zhen Wang. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
- Walstedt, J.J. (1976). Beyond Freud: Towards a New Psychotherapy for Women. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 1(3), 1–9.
- Fouque, A. (2019). Il y a deux sexes: Essais de féminiologie. Translated by Hong Huang. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.
- Freud, S. (1991). New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Translated by Xiaoping Cheng & Xiyong Wang. Beijing: International Cultural Publishing House.
- Chizuko, U. (2020). Patriarchy and Capitalism. Translated by Yun Zou & Mei Xue. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press.
- Baer, J.A. (2010). Our Lives Before the Law: Constructing a Feminist Jurisprudence. Translated by Xiangyi Xiong. Beijing: Peking University Press.
- Christine, D. (1984). Close to Home: A Materialist Analysis of Woman's Oppression. MA: The University of Massachusetts Press.
- Bowman, C.G. (2016). Recovering Socialism for Feminist Legal Theory in the 21st Century. Connecticut Law Review, 49(1), 110–129.
- Bowman, C.G. & Xingzhong Yu. (2018). Feminist Jurisprudence: A Trans-Pacific Dialogue between the United States and Asia. Beijing: China Democracy and Law Publishing House.
- Morrison, W. (2016). Jurisprudence: From Ancient Greece to Postmodernism. New York & London: Routledge.
- MacKinnon, C.A. (2007). Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Translated by Guangdi Qu. Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press.
- Kohlberg, L. (1977). Moral Development: A Review of the Theory. Theory Into Practice, 6(2), 53–59.
- Gilligan, C. (1995). Hearing the Difference: Theorizing Connection. Hypatia, 10(2), 120–127.
- Yinhe Li. (2020). Feminism. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House.
- Butler, J. (2007). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York & London: Routledge.
- Butler, J. (2004). Undoing Gender. New York & London: Routledge.
- Foucault, M. (2000). The History of Sexuality. Translated by Biping She. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House.
- Saray, A. & Nadya, V. (2015). Extended Sex: An Account of Sex for a More Just Society. Hypatia, 30(4), 725–742.
- Renegar, V.R. & Sowards, S.K. (2009). Contradiction as Agency: Self-Determination, Transcendence, and Counter-Imagination in Third Wave Feminism. Hypatia, 24(2), 1–20.
- Jingzhu Gao. (2012). Gender Justice in the Perspective of Contemporary Feminist Political Philosophy. Journal of Chinese Women's Studies, 109(1), 5–11.
- Posner, R.A. (2002). The Problems of Jurisprudence (Volume II). Translated by Su Li. Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press.
- Marx, K. & Engels, F. (2018). The Communist Manifesto. Compiled and translated by the Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. Beijing: People's Publishing House.
- Adichie, C.N. (2019). We Should All Be Feminists. Translated by Yun Zhang & Min Wen. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House.