New-quality productivity is a key driver of China’s modernization and high-quality development, relying on both the activation of data as a new production factor and the support of technological innovation and fair market competition. However, legal shortcomings in data property rights protection and weak innovation incentives hinder the realization of data’s full value. To address this, the paper proposes a twofold strategy: first, establish a comprehensive data property rights protection system by clarifying data ownership, usage, and management rights; second, use antitrust law to foster an innovation-friendly enforcement model, encouraging continuous high-quality achievements. Integrating data empowerment and innovation incentives ensures a healthy, sustainable development path for the data economy, laying a solid legal and economic foundation for Chinese-style modernization.